Dependency Injection với Hilt

1. Giới thiệu

Hilt là DI library được Google xây dựng trên Dagger, đơn giản hóa DI trong Android.

2. Setup

// build.gradle.kts (project)
plugins {
    id("com.google.dagger.hilt.android") version "2.51.1" apply false
}

// build.gradle.kts (app)
plugins {
    id("com.google.dagger.hilt.android")
    id("com.google.devtools.ksp")
}

dependencies {
    implementation("com.google.dagger:hilt-android:2.51.1")
    ksp("com.google.dagger:hilt-compiler:2.51.1")

    // For Compose
    implementation("androidx.hilt:hilt-navigation-compose:1.2.0")
}

3. Application Class

@HiltAndroidApp
class MyApplication : Application()

AndroidManifest.xml

<application
    android:name=".MyApplication"
    ...>

4. Activity

@AndroidEntryPoint
class MainActivity : ComponentActivity() {

    @Inject
    lateinit var analytics: AnalyticsService

    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
        // analytics is ready to use
    }
}

5. ViewModel

@HiltViewModel
class UserViewModel @Inject constructor(
    private val repository: UserRepository,
    private val savedStateHandle: SavedStateHandle
) : ViewModel() {
    // ...
}

// Usage in Compose
@Composable
fun UserScreen(
    viewModel: UserViewModel = hiltViewModel()
) {
    // ...
}

6. Modules

Object Module

@Module
@InstallIn(SingletonComponent::class)
object NetworkModule {

    @Provides
    @Singleton
    fun provideOkHttpClient(): OkHttpClient {
        return OkHttpClient.Builder()
            .addInterceptor(HttpLoggingInterceptor())
            .build()
    }

    @Provides
    @Singleton
    fun provideRetrofit(okHttpClient: OkHttpClient): Retrofit {
        return Retrofit.Builder()
            .baseUrl("https://api.example.com/")
            .client(okHttpClient)
            .addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create())
            .build()
    }

    @Provides
    @Singleton
    fun provideApiService(retrofit: Retrofit): ApiService {
        return retrofit.create(ApiService::class.java)
    }
}

Interface Bindings

@Module
@InstallIn(SingletonComponent::class)
abstract class RepositoryModule {

    @Binds
    @Singleton
    abstract fun bindUserRepository(
        impl: UserRepositoryImpl
    ): UserRepository
}

7. Scopes

@Singleton                  // Application scope
@ActivityScoped             // Activity scope
@ViewModelScoped            // ViewModel scope
@FragmentScoped             // Fragment scope

@Module
@InstallIn(SingletonComponent::class)
object DatabaseModule {

    @Provides
    @Singleton  // One instance for entire app
    fun provideDatabase(@ApplicationContext context: Context): AppDatabase {
        return Room.databaseBuilder(
            context,
            AppDatabase::class.java,
            "app_db"
        ).build()
    }
}

8. Qualifiers

@Qualifier
annotation class IoDispatcher

@Qualifier
annotation class MainDispatcher

@Module
@InstallIn(SingletonComponent::class)
object DispatcherModule {

    @Provides
    @IoDispatcher
    fun provideIoDispatcher(): CoroutineDispatcher = Dispatchers.IO

    @Provides
    @MainDispatcher
    fun provideMainDispatcher(): CoroutineDispatcher = Dispatchers.Main
}

// Usage
class UserRepository @Inject constructor(
    @IoDispatcher private val ioDispatcher: CoroutineDispatcher
) {
    suspend fun getUsers() = withContext(ioDispatcher) {
        // ...
    }
}

9. Application Context

class AnalyticsService @Inject constructor(
    @ApplicationContext private val context: Context
) {
    // Use context safely
}

10. Entry Points

Inject vào classes không được Hilt quản lý:

@EntryPoint
@InstallIn(SingletonComponent::class)
interface AnalyticsEntryPoint {
    fun analytics(): AnalyticsService
}

// Usage
class MyContentProvider : ContentProvider() {

    private lateinit var analytics: AnalyticsService

    override fun onCreate(): Boolean {
        val entryPoint = EntryPointAccessors.fromApplication(
            context!!,
            AnalyticsEntryPoint::class.java
        )
        analytics = entryPoint.analytics()
        return true
    }
}

11. Testing

@HiltAndroidTest
class UserViewModelTest {

    @get:Rule
    val hiltRule = HiltAndroidRule(this)

    @Inject
    lateinit var repository: UserRepository

    @Before
    fun setup() {
        hiltRule.inject()
    }

    @Test
    fun testViewModel() {
        // repository is injected
    }
}

// Replace module for testing
@Module
@TestInstallIn(
    components = [SingletonComponent::class],
    replaces = [RepositoryModule::class]
)
object FakeRepositoryModule {

    @Provides
    @Singleton
    fun provideFakeRepository(): UserRepository = FakeUserRepository()
}

12. Complete Example

// ApiService
interface ApiService {
    @GET("users")
    suspend fun getUsers(): List<UserDto>
}

// Repository
interface UserRepository {
    suspend fun getUsers(): Result<List<User>>
}

class UserRepositoryImpl @Inject constructor(
    private val api: ApiService,
    @IoDispatcher private val dispatcher: CoroutineDispatcher
) : UserRepository {

    override suspend fun getUsers() = withContext(dispatcher) {
        try {
            Result.success(api.getUsers().map { it.toDomain() })
        } catch (e: Exception) {
            Result.failure(e)
        }
    }
}

// Module
@Module
@InstallIn(SingletonComponent::class)
abstract class RepositoryModule {
    @Binds
    @Singleton
    abstract fun bindRepository(impl: UserRepositoryImpl): UserRepository
}

// ViewModel
@HiltViewModel
class UserViewModel @Inject constructor(
    private val repository: UserRepository
) : ViewModel() {
    // ...
}

// Composable
@Composable
fun UserScreen(
    viewModel: UserViewModel = hiltViewModel()
) {
    // ...
}

---

📝 Tóm tắt

Annotation	Mô tả
@HiltAndroidApp	Application class
@AndroidEntryPoint	Activity/Fragment
@HiltViewModel	ViewModel
@Inject	Constructor injection
@Module	Provide dependencies
@Provides	Provide external classes
@Binds	Bind interface to impl
@Singleton	Application scope