Structured Concurrency trong Kotlin

1. Giới thiệu

Structured Concurrency đảm bảo rằng coroutines được tổ chức theo cấu trúc phân cấp. Khi một coroutine scope kết thúc, tất cả child coroutines cũng kết thúc. Điều này ngăn chặn memory leaks và đảm bảo proper cleanup.

2. Coroutine Hierarchy


import kotlinx.coroutines.*
 
fun main() = runBlocking {  // Parent scope
    println("Parent started")
    
    launch {  // Child 1
        println("Child 1 started")
        delay(1000)
        println("Child 1 finished")
    }
    
    launch {  // Child 2
        println("Child 2 started")
        delay(500)
        println("Child 2 finished")
    }
    
    println("Parent waiting for children...")
    // Tự động đợi tất cả children hoàn thành
}
// Output:
// Parent started
// Parent waiting for children...
// Child 1 started
// Child 2 started
// Child 2 finished
// Child 1 finished

3. coroutineScope vs runBlocking


import kotlinx.coroutines.*
 
suspend fun doWork() = coroutineScope {
    // coroutineScope: suspending, không block thread
    launch {
        delay(100)
        println("Task 1 done")
    }
    launch {
        delay(200)
        println("Task 2 done")
    }
    println("coroutineScope started")
}
 
fun main() = runBlocking {
    // runBlocking: blocks current thread
    println("Before doWork")
    doWork()
    println("After doWork - all children completed")
}
// Output:
// Before doWork
// coroutineScope started
// Task 1 done
// Task 2 done
// After doWork - all children completed

So sánh

Feature	`runBlocking`	`coroutineScope`
Blocks thread	Yes	No
Suspending	No	Yes
Use case	Main function, tests	Inside suspend functions

4. CoroutineScope và lifecycles


import kotlinx.coroutines.*
 
class UserService {
    // Tạo scope với lifecycle riêng
    private val scope = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO + SupervisorJob())
    
    fun fetchUser(userId: String) {
        scope.launch {
            val user = fetchFromNetwork(userId)
            processUser(user)
        }
    }
    
    fun cleanup() {
        // Cancel tất cả coroutines khi không cần nữa
        scope.cancel()
    }
    
    private suspend fun fetchFromNetwork(id: String): String {
        delay(1000)
        return "User $id"
    }
    
    private fun processUser(user: String) {
        println("Processing: $user")
    }
}

Trong ViewModel (Android)


class MyViewModel : ViewModel() {
    // viewModelScope tự động cancel khi ViewModel bị destroy
    fun loadData() {
        viewModelScope.launch {
            val data = repository.fetchData()
            _uiState.value = UiState.Success(data)
        }
    }
}

5. Job Hierarchy


import kotlinx.coroutines.*
 
fun main() = runBlocking {
    val parentJob = coroutineContext[Job]
    println("Parent job: $parentJob")
    
    val childJob = launch {
        println("Child job: ${coroutineContext[Job]}")
        println("Child's parent: ${coroutineContext[Job]?.parent}")
        delay(1000)
    }
    
    println("Is child of parent: ${childJob.parent == parentJob}")
    // Is child of parent: true
}

6. Cancellation Propagation

Parent cancels children


import kotlinx.coroutines.*
 
fun main() = runBlocking {
    val job = launch {
        launch {
            try {
                delay(Long.MAX_VALUE)
            } finally {
                println("Child 1 cancelled")
            }
        }
        
        launch {
            try {
                delay(Long.MAX_VALUE)
            } finally {
                println("Child 2 cancelled")
            }
        }
    }
    
    delay(100)
    job.cancel()  // Cancels parent -> all children cancelled
    job.join()
    println("Parent and children cancelled")
}
// Output:
// Child 1 cancelled
// Child 2 cancelled
// Parent and children cancelled

Child failure cancels parent (default)


import kotlinx.coroutines.*
 
fun main() = runBlocking {
    try {
        coroutineScope {
            launch {
                delay(100)
                throw RuntimeException("Child failed!")
            }
            
            launch {
                try {
                    delay(Long.MAX_VALUE)
                } finally {
                    println("Sibling cancelled due to child failure")
                }
            }
        }
    } catch (e: RuntimeException) {
        println("Caught: ${e.message}")
    }
}
// Output:
// Sibling cancelled due to child failure
// Caught: Child failed!

7. SupervisorJob - Isolate Failures

SupervisorJob ngăn child failure lan truyền:


import kotlinx.coroutines.*
 
fun main() = runBlocking {
    // supervisorScope: child failures don't affect siblings
    supervisorScope {
        val child1 = launch {
            println("Child 1 started")
            delay(100)
            throw RuntimeException("Child 1 failed")
        }
        
        val child2 = launch {
            try {
                delay(Long.MAX_VALUE)
            } finally {
                println("Child 2 completed normally or cancelled")
            }
        }
        
        child1.join()
        println("Child 1 finished with: ${child1.isCancelled}")
        
        delay(100)
        child2.cancel()
    }
    
    println("Supervisor scope completed")
}
// Output:
// Child 1 started
// Child 1 finished with: true (failed)
// Child 2 completed normally or cancelled
// Supervisor scope completed

So sánh coroutineScope vs supervisorScope


import kotlinx.coroutines.*
 
suspend fun regularScope() = coroutineScope {
    // Nếu 1 child fail -> tất cả siblings bị cancel
    launch { /* ... */ }
    launch { throw Exception() }  // Cancels sibling
}
 
suspend fun supervisorScopeExample() = supervisorScope {
    // Child fail KHÔNG ảnh hưởng siblings
    launch { 
        delay(1000)
        println("This still runs!")
    }
    launch { throw Exception() }  // Sibling continues
}

8. GlobalScope - Avoid!


import kotlinx.coroutines.*
 
// ❌ GlobalScope - không có structured concurrency
fun badExample() {
    GlobalScope.launch {
        // Coroutine này tồn tại độc lập
        // Không bị cancel khi component bị destroy
        // Memory leak potential!
        while (true) {
            println("Still running...")
            delay(1000)
        }
    }
}
 
// ✅ Use scoped coroutines
class MyComponent {
    private val scope = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.Default + SupervisorJob())
    
    fun start() {
        scope.launch {
            while (isActive) {
                println("Working...")
                delay(1000)
            }
        }
    }
    
    fun stop() {
        scope.cancel()  // Properly cleanup
    }
}

9. Coroutine Context Inheritance


import kotlinx.coroutines.*
 
fun main() = runBlocking(CoroutineName("Parent")) {
    println("Parent: ${coroutineContext[CoroutineName]}")
    
    launch {
        // Inherits CoroutineName from parent
        println("Child inherits: ${coroutineContext[CoroutineName]}")
    }
    
    launch(CoroutineName("CustomChild")) {
        // Override với context riêng
        println("Child overrides: ${coroutineContext[CoroutineName]}")
    }
    
    launch(Dispatchers.IO) {
        // Inherit CoroutineName, override Dispatcher
        println("IO child: ${coroutineContext[CoroutineName]}, ${coroutineContext[ContinuationInterceptor]}")
    }
}
// Output:
// Parent: CoroutineName(Parent)
// Child inherits: CoroutineName(Parent)
// Child overrides: CoroutineName(CustomChild)
// IO child: CoroutineName(Parent), Dispatchers.IO

10. Practical Patterns

Parallel decomposition


import kotlinx.coroutines.*
 
suspend fun loadUserData(userId: String): UserData = coroutineScope {
    // Run in parallel
    val userDeferred = async { fetchUser(userId) }
    val postsDeferred = async { fetchPosts(userId) }
    val friendsDeferred = async { fetchFriends(userId) }
    
    // Wait for all
    UserData(
        user = userDeferred.await(),
        posts = postsDeferred.await(),
        friends = friendsDeferred.await()
    )
}
 
data class UserData(val user: String, val posts: List<String>, val friends: List<String>)
 
suspend fun fetchUser(id: String): String {
    delay(1000)
    return "User $id"
}
 
suspend fun fetchPosts(id: String): List<String> {
    delay(800)
    return listOf("Post 1", "Post 2")
}
 
suspend fun fetchFriends(id: String): List<String> {
    delay(600)
    return listOf("Friend 1", "Friend 2")
}

Timeout với structured concurrency


import kotlinx.coroutines.*
 
suspend fun fetchWithTimeout(): String? {
    return withTimeoutOrNull(1000) {
        // All child coroutines are cancelled if timeout
        val data = async { fetchData() }
        val extra = async { fetchExtraInfo() }
        
        "${data.await()} + ${extra.await()}"
    }
}
 
suspend fun fetchData(): String {
    delay(500)
    return "Data"
}
 
suspend fun fetchExtraInfo(): String {
    delay(300)
    return "Extra"
}
 
fun main() = runBlocking {
    println(fetchWithTimeout())  // "Data + Extra"
}

Retry with scope


import kotlinx.coroutines.*
 
suspend fun <T> retryWithScope(
    times: Int,
    delayMs: Long = 1000,
    block: suspend CoroutineScope.() -> T
): T {
    repeat(times - 1) { attempt ->
        try {
            return coroutineScope { block() }
        } catch (e: Exception) {
            println("Attempt ${attempt + 1} failed: ${e.message}")
            delay(delayMs)
        }
    }
    // Last attempt
    return coroutineScope { block() }
}
 
fun main() = runBlocking {
    var attempts = 0
    val result = retryWithScope(3) {
        attempts++
        if (attempts < 3) throw RuntimeException("Failed attempt $attempts")
        "Success on attempt $attempts"
    }
    println(result)  // Success on attempt 3
}

📝 Tóm tắt

Concept	Description
Structured Concurrency	Coroutines có hierarchy, parent đợi children
`coroutineScope`	Suspending scope, đợi tất cả children
`supervisorScope`	Child failures không affect siblings
`Job`	Lifecycle handle cho coroutine
`SupervisorJob`	Job không propagate child failures
Context inheritance	Children inherit parent’s context

Best practices:

Avoid GlobalScope - use scoped coroutines
Dùng supervisorScope khi children independent
Dùng coroutineScope khi cần “all or nothing”
Luôn cancel scope khi component bị destroy
Prefer viewModelScope, lifecycleScope trong Android